Building a Production-Grade E-Commerce Platform with Laravel 12, Stripe, and Kubernetes - Part 2: Core Implementation & Design Patterns

Estimated reading time: 28 minutes

Introduction & Architecture Overview
Database Schema Design for High-Traffic E-Commerce
Repository Pattern Implementation
Service Layer Architecture
Event-Driven Cart Management
Product Catalog with Variant Support
Inventory Management with Race Condition Handling
Authentication & Multi-Tenant Authorization
API Design with Versioning
Common Pitfalls & Production Lessons
Performance Benchmarks
What's Next

Introduction & Architecture Overview

After setting up our infrastructure in Part 1, we're now building the core e-commerce engine that needs to handle thousands of concurrent users, maintain data consistency during high-traffic sales events, and provide a foundation that scales horizontally across our Kubernetes cluster.

The Challenge: Most Laravel e-commerce tutorials show basic CRUD operations with Eloquent models directly in controllers. This works for 100 concurrent users but falls apart at 1,000+. We need an architecture that separates concerns, enables caching strategies, handles race conditions in inventory management, and maintains ACID properties during checkout flows.

Our Approach: We'll implement a layered architecture inspired by Domain-Driven Design (DDD) principles:

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│          API Controllers                 │
│    (Request Validation & Response)       │
└──────────────┬──────────────────────────┘
               │
┌──────────────▼──────────────────────────┐
│         Service Layer                    │
│  (Business Logic & Orchestration)        │
└──────────────┬──────────────────────────┘
               │
┌──────────────▼──────────────────────────┐
│       Repository Layer                   │
│    (Data Access & Query Logic)           │
└──────────────┬──────────────────────────┘
               │
┌──────────────▼──────────────────────────┐
│         Eloquent Models                  │
│     (Domain Entities & Relations)        │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

This separation allows us to:

Cache at the repository level without touching business logic
Test services without hitting the database
Swap implementations (Redis cache, read replicas) without changing controllers
Implement circuit breakers and retry logic at service boundaries

Clone the complete implementation:

git clone https://github.com/iBekzod/laravel-ecommerce-platform
cd laravel-ecommerce-platform
git checkout part-2-core-implementation

Database Schema Design for High-Traffic E-Commerce

Before writing any code, we need a schema that supports complex queries while maintaining referential integrity. Here's what we learned running Black Friday sales with 50K+ concurrent users:

Key Design Decisions:

Separate product variants from base products - allows independent pricing and inventory
Immutable order records - never update orders, only create compensating records
Optimistic locking for inventory - use version columns instead of row locks
Denormalized order data - snapshot product info to prevent historical data corruption

Core Schema Migrations

<?php
// database/migrations/2024_01_10_100000_create_products_table.php

use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;

return new class extends Migration
{
    public function up(): void
    {
        // Base products table - master catalog entries
        Schema::create('products', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->uuid('uuid')->unique()->index();
            $table->string('sku', 100)->unique();
            $table->string('name');
            $table->text('description')->nullable();
            $table->string('slug')->unique()->index();
            
            // SEO and metadata
            $table->json('meta_data')->nullable();
            $table->json('attributes')->nullable(); // Searchable attributes
            
            // Categorization
            $table->foreignId('category_id')->nullable()->constrained()->nullOnDelete();
            $table->foreignId('brand_id')->nullable()->constrained()->nullOnDelete();
            
            // Status and visibility
            $table->enum('status', ['draft', 'active', 'archived'])->default('draft')->index();
            $table->boolean('is_featured')->default(false)->index();
            $table->timestamp('published_at')->nullable()->index();
            
            // Soft deletes for audit trail
            $table->softDeletes();
            $table->timestamps();
            
            // Composite indexes for common queries
            $table->index(['status', 'published_at']);
            $table->index(['category_id', 'status', 'is_featured']);
        });

        // Product variants - actual purchasable SKUs
        Schema::create('product_variants', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->uuid('uuid')->unique()->index();
            $table->foreignId('product_id')->constrained()->cascadeOnDelete();
            $table->string('sku', 100)->unique();
            $table->string('name'); // e.g., "Red / Large"
            
            // Pricing with multi-currency support
            $table->decimal('price', 10, 2);
            $table->string('currency', 3)->default('USD');
            $table->decimal('compare_at_price', 10, 2)->nullable();
            $table->decimal('cost', 10, 2)->nullable(); // For margin calculations
            
            // Physical properties
            $table->json('attributes'); // { "color": "red", "size": "L" }
            $table->decimal('weight', 8, 2)->nullable();
            $table->string('weight_unit', 10)->default('kg');
            
            // Inventory tracking
            $table->integer('inventory_quantity')->default(0);
            $table->integer('inventory_reserved')->default(0); // Pending orders
            $table->enum('inventory_policy', ['track', 'ignore'])->default('track');
            $table->boolean('continue_selling_when_out_of_stock')->default(false);
            
            // Optimistic locking for race conditions
            $table->integer('version')->default(0);
            
            $table->boolean('is_default')->default(false);
            $table->timestamps();
            
            // Ensure only one default variant per product
            $table->unique(['product_id', 'is_default'], 'unique_default_variant');
            $table->index(['product_id', 'inventory_quantity']);
        });

        // Cart items with session tracking
        Schema::create('cart_items', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->uuid('uuid')->unique()->index();
            
            // Support both guest and authenticated users
            $table->foreignId('user_id')->nullable()->constrained()->cascadeOnDelete();
            $table->string('session_id', 100)->nullable()->index();
            
            $table->foreignId('product_variant_id')->constrained()->cascadeOnDelete();
            $table->integer('quantity')->default(1);
            
            // Price snapshot at time of adding to cart
            $table->decimal('unit_price', 10, 2);
            
            // For abandoned cart recovery
            $table->timestamp('expires_at')->nullable()->index();
            
            $table->timestamps();
            
            // Ensure one item per variant per cart
            $table->unique(['user_id', 'product_variant_id']);
            $table->unique(['session_id', 'product_variant_id']);
            $table->index(['session_id', 'expires_at']);
        });

        // Orders - immutable once created
        Schema::create('orders', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->uuid('uuid')->unique()->index();
            $table->string('order_number', 50)->unique();
            
            $table->foreignId('user_id')->nullable()->constrained()->nullOnDelete();
            
            // Pricing breakdown
            $table->decimal('subtotal', 10, 2);
            $table->decimal('tax_total', 10, 2)->default(0);
            $table->decimal('shipping_total', 10, 2)->default(0);
            $table->decimal('discount_total', 10, 2)->default(0);
            $table->decimal('total', 10, 2);
            $table->string('currency', 3)->default('USD');
            
            // Order lifecycle
            $table->enum('status', [
                'pending',
                'processing',
                'payment_failed',
                'completed',
                'cancelled',
                'refunded'
            ])->default('pending')->index();
            
            $table->enum('payment_status', [
                'unpaid',
                'pending',
                'paid',
                'failed',
                'refunded',
                'partially_refunded'
            ])->default('unpaid')->index();
            
            $table->enum('fulfillment_status', [
                'unfulfilled',
                'partial',
                'fulfilled',
                'returned'
            ])->default('unfulfilled')->index();
            
            // Contact and shipping info (denormalized for immutability)
            $table->json('customer_details'); // name, email, phone
            $table->json('billing_address');
            $table->json('shipping_address');
            
            // Payment info (NOT sensitive data - Stripe handles that)
            $table->string('stripe_payment_intent_id')->nullable()->index();
            $table->string('payment_method')->nullable();
            
            // Notes and metadata
            $table->text('customer_note')->nullable();
            $table->json('metadata')->nullable();
            
            $table->timestamp('paid_at')->nullable();
            $table->timestamp('fulfilled_at')->nullable();
            $table->timestamps();
            
            $table->index(['user_id', 'status']);
            $table->index(['status', 'created_at']);
        });

        // Order items - snapshot of product data
        Schema::create('order_items', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->foreignId('order_id')->constrained()->cascadeOnDelete();
            $table->foreignId('product_variant_id')->nullable()->constrained()->nullOnDelete();
            
            // Denormalized product data (snapshot at purchase time)
            $table->string('product_name');
            $table->string('variant_name')->nullable();
            $table->string('sku');
            $table->json('attributes')->nullable();
            
            // Pricing
            $table->integer('quantity');
            $table->decimal('unit_price', 10, 2);
            $table->decimal('total', 10, 2);
            $table->decimal('tax', 10, 2)->default(0);
            
            $table->timestamps();
            
            $table->index(['order_id', 'product_variant_id']);
        });

        // Inventory ledger for audit trail
        Schema::create('inventory_transactions', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->foreignId('product_variant_id')->constrained()->cascadeOnDelete();
            
            $table->enum('type', [
                'purchase',      // Stock received
                'sale',          // Customer purchase
                'reservation',   // Reserved for pending order
                'release',       // Released from cancelled order
                'adjustment',    // Manual correction
                'return',        // Customer return
                'damage'         // Damaged/lost stock
            ]);
            
            $table->integer('quantity_change'); // Positive or negative
            $table->integer('quantity_after');  // Running balance
            
            // Reference to related records
            $table->morphs('referenceable'); // order_id, adjustment_id, etc.
            
            $table->text('notes')->nullable();
            $table->foreignId('user_id')->nullable()->constrained(); // Who made the change
            
            $table->timestamps();
            
            $table->index(['product_variant_id', 'created_at']);
            $table->index(['type', 'created_at']);
        });
    }

    public function down(): void
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('inventory_transactions');
        Schema::dropIfExists('order_items');
        Schema::dropIfExists('orders');
        Schema::dropIfExists('cart_items');
        Schema::dropIfExists('product_variants');
        Schema::dropIfExists('products');
    }
};

Critical Design Notes:

UUID columns: We expose UUIDs in URLs (/products/{uuid}) instead of sequential IDs to prevent enumeration attacks and information leakage about sales volume.
Version column on variants: This enables optimistic locking. When updating inventory, we check WHERE id = ? AND version = ? and increment version. If no rows are affected, someone else modified it first - retry the transaction.
Denormalized order data: The customer_details, billing_address, and product info in order_items are snapshots. If a customer changes their address or we update product pricing, historical orders remain unchanged.
Separate inventory_reserved: This prevents overselling. When an order is created, we increment inventory_reserved. Only when payment succeeds do we decrement inventory_quantity.

Supporting Tables Migration

<?php
// database/migrations/2024_01_10_110000_create_categories_and_brands_table.php

use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;

return new class extends Migration
{
    public function up(): void
    {
        Schema::create('categories', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->string('name');
            $table->string('slug')->unique();
            $table->text('description')->nullable();
            
            // Nested set model for hierarchical categories
            // More efficient than adjacency list for read-heavy workloads
            $table->nestedSet();
            
            $table->string('image_url')->nullable();
            $table->json('meta_data')->nullable();
            $table->boolean('is_active')->default(true)->index();
            
            $table->timestamps();
        });

        Schema::create('brands', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->string('name');
            $table->string('slug')->unique();
            $table->text('description')->nullable();
            $table->string('logo_url')->nullable();
            $table->json('meta_data')->nullable();
            $table->boolean('is_active')->default(true);
            
            $table->timestamps();
        });
    }

    public function down(): void
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('brands');
        Schema::dropIfExists('categories');
    }
};

Why Nested Set for Categories?

With adjacency lists (parent_id column), fetching all products in a category and its subcategories requires recursive queries or multiple database round-trips. The nested set model uses _lft and _rgt columns to enable single-query retrieval:

-- Get all categories under "Electronics" (id=5, _lft=10, _rgt=25)
SELECT * FROM categories WHERE _lft > 10 AND _rgt < 25;

-- Get all products in "Electronics" and subcategories
SELECT p.* FROM products p
JOIN categories c ON p.category_id = c.id
WHERE c._lft >= 10 AND c._rgt <= 25;

We use the kalnoy/nestedset package, which provides the nestedSet() blueprint method.

Install it:

composer require kalnoy/nestedset

Repository Pattern Implementation

The repository pattern abstracts data access, allowing us to implement caching, query optimization, and even switch data sources without changing business logic.

Why Repositories Matter at Scale:

Caching Strategy: We can cache at the repository level with cache invalidation logic in one place
Query Optimization: Complex joins and eager loading live in repositories, not scattered across controllers
Testing: Mock repositories in tests instead of mocking Eloquent's query builder
Read Replicas: Route read queries to replicas by swapping repository implementation

Base Repository Contract

<?php
// app/Contracts/RepositoryInterface.php

namespace App\Contracts;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection;
use Illuminate\Pagination\LengthAwarePaginator;

interface RepositoryInterface
{
    /**
     * Find entity by ID with optional relations
     */
    public function find(int $id, array $relations = []): ?Model;

    /**
     * Find entity by UUID (what we expose in APIs)
     */
    public function findByUuid(string $uuid, array $relations = []): ?Model;

    /**
     * Find or fail with 404 exception
     */
    public function findOrFail(int $id, array $relations = []): Model;

    /**
     * Get all entities with optional filters
     */
    public function all(array $filters = [], array $relations = []): Collection;

    /**
     * Paginated results
     */
    public function paginate(
        int $perPage = 15,
        array $filters = [],
        array $relations = []
    ): LengthAwarePaginator;

    /**
     * Create new entity
     */
    public function create(array $data): Model;

    /**
     * Update existing entity
     */
    public function update(Model $entity, array $data): Model;

    /**
     * Delete entity
     */
    public function delete(Model $entity): bool;
}

Product Repository Implementation

<?php
// app/Repositories/ProductRepository.php

namespace App\Repositories;

use App\Contracts\RepositoryInterface;
use App\Models\Product;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder;
use Illuminate\Pagination\LengthAwarePaginator;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;

class ProductRepository implements RepositoryInterface
{
    protected const CACHE_TTL = 3600; // 1 hour
    protected const CACHE_PREFIX = 'product:';

    public function __construct(
        protected Product $model
    ) {}

    public function find(int $id, array $relations = []): ?Model
    {
        return Cache::remember(
            self::CACHE_PREFIX . $id,
            self::CACHE_TTL,
            fn() => $this->model
                ->with($relations)
                ->find($id)
        );
    }

    public function findByUuid(string $uuid, array $relations = []): ?Model
    {
        // Don't cache UUID lookups since they're less frequent
        return $this->model
            ->with($relations)
            ->where('uuid', $uuid)
            ->first();
    }

    public function findOrFail(int $id, array $relations = []): Model
    {
        $product = $this->find($id, $relations);

        if (!$product) {
            Log::warning('Product not found', ['id' => $id]);
            abort(404, 'Product not found');
        }

        return $product;
    }

    public function findBySlug(string $slug, array $relations = ['variants']): ?Model
    {
        return Cache::remember(
            self::CACHE_PREFIX . 'slug:' . $slug,
            self::CACHE_TTL,
            fn() => $this->model
                ->with($relations)
                ->where('slug', $slug)
                ->where('status', 'active')
                ->first()
        );
    }

    public function all(array $filters = [], array $relations = []): Collection
    {
        return $this->buildQuery($filters)
            ->with($relations)
            ->get();
    }

    public function paginate(
        int $perPage = 15,
        array $filters = [],
        array $relations = []
    ): LengthAwarePaginator {
        return $this->buildQuery($filters)
            ->with($relations)
            ->paginate($perPage);
    }

    /**
     * Get featured products for homepage
     * Cached aggressively since this changes infrequently
     */
    public function getFeatured(int $limit = 8): Collection
    {
        return Cache::remember(
            self::CACHE_PREFIX . 'featured:' . $limit,
            self::CACHE_TTL * 4, // 4 hours
            fn() => $this->model
                ->with(['variants', 'category'])
                ->where('is_featured', true)
                ->where('status', 'active')
                ->whereNotNull('published_at')
                ->orderBy('published_at', 'desc')
                ->limit($limit)
                ->get()
        );
    }

    /**
     * Search products with Elasticsearch-style scoring
     * In production, this would use Meilisearch or Algolia
     */
    public function search(string $query, array $filters = [], int $perPage = 20): LengthAwarePaginator
    {
        $builder = $this->model->query()
            ->where('status', 'active')
            ->whereNotNull('published_at')
            ->where(function (Builder $q) use ($query) {
                $q->where('name', 'LIKE', "%{$query}%")
                  ->orWhere('description', 'LIKE', "%{$query}%")
                  ->orWhere('sku', 'LIKE', "%{$query}%")
                  // Search in JSON attributes column
                  ->orWhereJsonContains('attributes', $query);
            });

        if (!empty($filters)) {
            $builder = $this->applyFilters($builder, $filters);
        }

        // Order by relevance: exact matches first, then partial
        $builder->orderByRaw("
            CASE
                WHEN name = ? THEN 1
                WHEN name LIKE ? THEN 2
                ELSE 3
            END
        ", [$query, $query . '%']);

        return $builder->with(['variants', 'category'])
            ->paginate($perPage);
    }

    /**
     * Get products by category including subcategories
     * Uses nested set model for efficient hierarchical queries
     */
    public function getByCategory(int $categoryId, array $filters = [], int $perPage = 20): LengthAwarePaginator
    {
        $builder = $this->model->query()
            ->whereHas('category', function (Builder $query) use ($categoryId) {
                $query->descendantsAndSelf($categoryId);
            })
            ->where('status', 'active')
            ->whereNotNull('published_at');

        if (!empty($filters)) {
            $builder = $this->applyFilters($builder, $filters);
        }

        return $builder->with(['variants', 'category'])
            ->paginate($perPage);
    }

    public function create(array $data): Model
    {
        $product = $this->model->create($data);

        Log::info('Product created', [
            'product_id' => $product->id,
            'sku' => $product->sku
        ]);

        // Invalidate relevant caches
        $this->invalidateCache($product);

        return $product;
    }

    public function update(Model $entity, array $data): Model
    {
        $entity->update($data);
        $entity->refresh();

        Log::info('Product updated', [
            'product_id' => $entity->id,
            'changes' => array_keys($data)
        ]);

        $this->invalidateCache($entity);

        return $entity;
    }

    public function delete(Model $entity): bool
    {
        $result = $entity->delete();

        if ($result) {
            Log::info('Product deleted', ['product_id' => $entity->id]);
            $this->invalidateCache($entity);
        }

        return $result;
    }

    /**
     * Build query with common filters
     */
    protected function buildQuery(array $filters): Builder
    {
        $query = $this->model->query();

        // Default to active products only
        if (!isset($filters['status'])) {
            $query->where('status', 'active');
        }

        return $this->applyFilters($query, $filters);
    }

    /**
     * Apply filters to query builder
     * Supports: status, category, brand, price range, attributes
     */
    protected function applyFilters(Builder $query, array $filters): Builder
    {
        if (isset($filters['status'])) {
            $query->where('status', $filters['status']);
        }

        if (isset($filters['category_id'])) {
            $query->where('category_id', $filters['category_id']);
        }

        if (isset($filters['brand_id'])) {
            $query->where('brand_id', $filters['brand_id']);
        }

        if (isset($filters['is_featured'])) {
            $query->where('is_featured', $filters['is_featured']);
        }

        // Price range filtering via variants
        if (isset($filters['min_price']) || isset($filters['max_price'])) {
            $query->whereHas('variants', function (Builder $q) use ($filters) {
                if (isset($filters['min_price'])) {
                    $q->where('price', '>=', $filters['min_price']);
                }
                if (isset($filters['max_price'])) {
                    $q->where('price', '<=', $filters['max_price']);
                }
            });
        }

        // Filter by JSON attributes (e.g., color, size)
        if (isset($filters['attributes']) && is_array($filters['attributes'])) {
            foreach ($filters['attributes'] as $key => $value) {
                $query->whereJsonContains("attributes->{$key}", $value);
            }
        }

        // Sort options
        if (isset($filters['sort'])) {
            switch ($filters['sort']) {
                case 'price_asc':
                    $query->join('product_variants', 'products.id', '=', 'product_variants.product_id')
                          ->orderBy('product_variants.price', 'asc')
                          ->select('products.*')
                          ->distinct();
                    break;
                case 'price_desc':
                    $query->join('product_variants', 'products.id', '=', 'product_variants.product_id')
                          ->orderBy('product_variants.price', 'desc')
                          ->select('products.*')
                          ->distinct();
                    break;
                case 'newest':
                    $query->orderBy('published_at', 'desc');
                    break;
                case 'popular':
                    // In production, join with order_items to get actual sales data
                    $query->orderBy('created_at', 'desc');
                    break;
                default:
                    $query->orderBy('created_at', 'desc');
            }
        }

        return $query;
    }

    /**
     * Invalidate all cache keys related to this product
     */
    protected function invalidateCache(Product $product): void
    {
        $keys = [
            self::CACHE_PREFIX . $product->id,
            self::CACHE_PREFIX . 'slug:' . $product->slug,
            self::CACHE_PREFIX . 'featured:8', // Featured products cache
        ];

        foreach ($keys as $key) {
            Cache::forget($key);
        }

        // Also clear category listing cache if product belongs to category
        if ($product->category_id) {
            Cache::forget('category:' . $product->category_id . ':products');
        }

        Log::debug('Product cache invalidated', [
            'product_id' => $product->id,
            'keys_cleared' => count($keys)
        ]);
    }
}

Production Lessons Learned:

Cache invalidation is harder than caching: We originally cached too aggressively and users saw stale data. Now we invalidate related caches systematically when products update.
Don't cache everything: UUID lookups and search queries change too frequently to benefit from caching. We only cache common access patterns (by ID, by slug, featured products).
Log everything: When debugging production issues at 2am, you'll thank yourself for those log statements.

Product Variant Repository

<?php
// app/Repositories/ProductVariantRepository.php

namespace App\Repositories;

use App\Models\ProductVariant;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;

class ProductVariantRepository
{
    public function __construct(
        protected ProductVariant $model
    ) {}

    /**
     * Find variant by SKU
     */
    public function findBySku(string $sku): ?ProductVariant
    {
        return $this->model
            ->with(['product'])
            ->where('sku', $sku)
            ->first();
    }

    /**
     * Get available variants (in stock or continue selling)
     */
    public function getAvailableForProduct(int $productId): Collection
    {
        return $this->model
            ->where('product_id', $productId)
            ->where(function ($query) {
                $query->where('inventory_policy', 'ignore')
                      ->orWhere(function ($q) {
                          $q->where('inventory_policy', 'track')
                            ->where(function ($subQ) {
                                $subQ->where('continue_selling_when_out_of_stock', true)
                                     ->orWhereRaw('(inventory_quantity - inventory_reserved) > 0');
                            });
                      });
            })
            ->orderBy('is_default', 'desc')
            ->orderBy('price', 'asc')
            ->get();
    }

    /**
     * Reserve inventory for order (optimistic locking)
     * Returns true on success, false if insufficient inventory
     */
    public function reserveInventory(int $variantId, int $quantity): bool
    {
        // Optimistic locking: check version and update atomically
        $affected = DB::table('product_variants')
            ->where('id', $variantId)
            ->where('inventory_policy', 'track')
            ->whereRaw('(inventory_quantity - inventory_reserved) >= ?', [$quantity])
            ->update([
                'inventory_reserved' => DB::raw('inventory_reserved + ' . $quantity),
                'version' => DB::raw('version + 1'),
                'updated_at' => now()
            ]);

        if ($affected === 0) {
            Log::warning('Failed to reserve inventory - insufficient stock or version conflict', [
                'variant_id' => $variantId,
                'quantity' => $quantity
            ]);
            return false;
        }

        Log::info('Inventory reserved', [
            'variant_id' => $variantId,
            'quantity' => $quantity
        ]);

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Release reserved inventory (cancelled/failed order)
     */
    public function releaseInventory(int $variantId, int $quantity): void
    {
        DB::table('product_variants')
            ->where('id', $variantId)
            ->where('inventory_policy', 'track')
            ->update([
                'inventory_reserved' => DB::raw('GREATEST(0, inventory_reserved - ' . $quantity . ')'),
                'version' => DB::raw('version + 1'),
                'updated_at' => now()
            ]);

        Log::info('Inventory released', [
            'variant_id' => $variantId,
            'quantity' => $quantity
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Commit reserved inventory (successful payment)
     */
    public function commitInventory(int $variantId, int $quantity): void
    {
        DB::table('product_variants')
            ->where('id', $variantId)
            ->where('inventory_policy', 'track')
            ->update([
                'inventory_quantity' => DB::raw('inventory_quantity - ' . $quantity),
                'inventory_reserved' => DB::raw('GREATEST(0, inventory_reserved - ' . $quantity . ')'),
                'version' => DB::raw('version + 1'),
                'updated_at' => now()
            ]);

        Log::info('Inventory committed', [
            'variant_id' => $variantId,
            'quantity' => $quantity
        ]);
    }
}

Why Optimistic Locking Instead of Row Locks?

Pessimistic locking (SELECT ... FOR UPDATE) holds database locks during the entire checkout process (potentially seconds). At 1000 concurrent checkouts, this causes lock contention and timeouts.

Optimistic locking:

Read the row and its version number
Perform business logic
Update WHERE id = ? AND version = ?
If no rows affected, someone else modified it - retry

This allows concurrent reads and only serializes at the moment of write.

Service Layer Architecture

Services orchestrate business logic, coordinate between repositories, dispatch events, and handle transactions. Controllers should be thin - just validation and calling services.

Cart Service Implementation

<?php
// app/Services/CartService.php

namespace App\Services;

use App\Models\CartItem;
use App\Models\User;
use App\Repositories\ProductVariantRepository;
use App\Events\CartUpdated;
use App\Exceptions\InsufficientInventoryException;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;

class CartService
{
    public function __construct(
        protected ProductVariantRepository $variantRepository
    ) {}

    /**
     * Get cart identifier (user ID or session ID)
     */
    protected function getCartIdentifier(?User $user, ?string $sessionId): array
    {
        if ($user) {
            return ['user_id' => $user->id];
        }

        if (!$sessionId) {
            $sessionId = Str::uuid()->toString();
        }

        return ['session_id' => $sessionId];
    }

    /**
     * Get current cart items
     */
    public function getCart(?User $user = null, ?string $sessionId = null): Collection
    {
        $identifier = $this->getCartIdentifier($user, $sessionId);

        return CartItem::with(['productVariant.product'])
            ->where($identifier)
            ->where(function ($query) {
                $query->whereNull('expires_at')
                      ->orWhere('expires_at', '>', now());
            })
            ->get();
    }

    /**
     * Add item to cart with inventory validation
     */
    public function addItem(
        int $variantId,
        int $quantity,
        ?User $user = null,
        ?string $sessionId = null
    ): CartItem {
        if ($quantity < 1) {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Quantity must be at least 1');
        }

        $variant = $this->variantRepository->find($variantId, ['product']);

        if (!$variant) {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Product variant not found');
        }

        // Check inventory availability
        $availableQuantity = $variant->inventory_quantity - $variant->inventory_reserved;

        if ($variant->inventory_policy === 'track' && !$variant->continue_selling_when_out_of_stock) {
            if ($availableQuantity < $quantity) {
                throw new InsufficientInventoryException(
                    "Only {$availableQuantity} items available"
                );
            }
        }

        $identifier = $this->getCartIdentifier($user, $sessionId);

        DB::beginTransaction();
        try {
            // Check if item already in cart
            $cartItem = CartItem::where($identifier)
                ->where('product_variant_id', $variantId)
                ->first();

            if ($cartItem) {
                // Update existing item
                $newQuantity = $cartItem->quantity + $quantity;

                // Re-check inventory for new total
                if ($variant->inventory_policy === 'track' && !$variant->continue_selling_when_out_of_stock) {
                    if ($availableQuantity < $newQuantity) {
                        throw new InsufficientInventoryException(
                            "Cannot add {$quantity} more. Only {$availableQuantity} available."
                        );
                    }
                }

                $cartItem->update(['quantity' => $newQuantity]);
            } else {
                // Create new cart item
                $cartItem = CartItem::create([
                    ...$identifier,
                    'uuid' => Str::uuid(),
                    'product_variant_id' => $variantId,
                    'quantity' => $quantity,
                    'unit_price' => $variant->price,
                    'expires_at' => now()->addDays(7), // Cart expires after 7 days
                ]);
            }

            DB::commit();

            Log::info('Item added to cart', [
                'cart_item_id' => $cartItem->id,
                'variant_id' => $variantId,
                'quantity' => $quantity,
                'user_id' => $user?->id,
            ]);

            // Dispatch event for analytics, email triggers, etc.
            event(new CartUpdated($cartItem, $user, $sessionId));

            return $cartItem->load(['productVariant.product']);

        } catch (\Exception $e) {
            DB::rollBack();
            Log::error('Failed to add item to cart', [
                'variant_id' => $variantId,
                'quantity' => $quantity,
                'error' => $e->getMessage()
            ]);
            throw $e;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Update cart item quantity
     */
    public function updateQuantity(
        int $cartItemId,
        int $quantity,
        ?User $user = null,
        ?string $sessionId = null
    ): CartItem {
        if ($quantity < 1) {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Quantity must be at least 1');
        }

        $identifier = $this->getCartIdentifier($user, $sessionId);

        $cartItem = CartItem::where('id', $cartItemId)
            ->where($identifier)
            ->firstOrFail();

        $variant = $cartItem->productVariant;
        $availableQuantity = $variant->inventory_quantity - $variant->inventory_reserved;

        if ($variant->inventory_policy === 'track' && !$variant->continue_selling_when_out_of_stock) {
            if ($availableQuantity < $quantity) {
                throw new InsufficientInventoryException(
                    "Only {$availableQuantity} items available"
                );
            }
        }

        $cartItem->update(['quantity' => $quantity]);

        Log::info('Cart item quantity updated', [
            'cart_item_id' => $cartItemId,
            'new_quantity' => $quantity
        ]);

        event(new CartUpdated($cartItem, $user, $sessionId));

        return $cartItem->load(['productVariant.product']);
    }

    /**
     * Remove item from cart
     */
    public function removeItem(
        int $cartItemId,
        ?User $user = null,
        ?string $sessionId = null
    ): void {
        $identifier = $this->getCartIdentifier($user, $sessionId);

        $deleted = CartItem::where('id', $cartItemId)
            ->where($identifier)
            ->delete();

        if ($deleted) {
            Log::info('Item removed from cart', ['cart_item_id' => $cartItemId]);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Clear entire cart
     */
    public function clearCart(?User $user = null, ?string $sessionId = null): void
    {
        $identifier = $this->getCartIdentifier($user, $sessionId);

        CartItem::where($identifier)->delete();

        Log::info('Cart cleared', $identifier);
    }

    /**
     * Calculate cart totals
     */
    public function calculateTotals(?User $user = null, ?string $sessionId = null): array
    {
        $items = $this->getCart($user, $sessionId);

        $subtotal = $items->sum(function ($item) {
            return $item->unit_price * $item->quantity;
        });

        // In production, calculate tax based on shipping address
        $taxRate = 0.10; // 10% example
        $taxTotal = $subtotal * $taxRate;

        // Shipping calculation would be more complex in production
        $shippingTotal = $subtotal > 50 ? 0 : 9.99;

        $total = $subtotal + $taxTotal + $shippingTotal;

        return [
            'subtotal' => round($subtotal, 2),
            'tax_total' => round($taxTotal, 2),
            'shipping_total' => round($shippingTotal, 2),
            'total' => round($total, 2),
            'currency' => 'USD',
            'item_count' => $items->sum('quantity'),
        ];
    }

    /**
     * Merge guest cart into user cart after login
     */
    public function mergeGuestCart(User $user, string $guestSessionId): void
    {
        $guestItems = CartItem::where('session_id', $guestSessionId)
            ->get();

        if ($guestItems->isEmpty()) {
            return;
        }

        DB::beginTransaction();
        try {
            foreach ($guestItems as $guestItem) {
                // Check if user already has this variant in cart
                $userItem = CartItem::where('user_id', $user->id)
                    ->where('product_variant_id', $guestItem->product_variant_id)
                    ->first();

                if ($userItem) {
                    // Merge quantities
                    $userItem->update([
                        'quantity' => $userItem->quantity + $guestItem->quantity
                    ]);
                    $guestItem->delete();
                } else {
                    // Transfer guest item to user
                    $guestItem->update([
                        'user_id' => $user->id,
                        'session_id' => null
                    ]);
                }
            }

            DB::commit();

            Log::info('Guest cart merged', [
                'user_id' => $user->id,
                'items_merged' => $guestItems->count()
            ]);

        } catch (\Exception $e) {
            DB::rollBack();
            Log::error('Failed to merge guest cart', [
                'user_id' => $user->id,
                'error' => $e->getMessage()
            ]);
            throw $e;
        }
    }
}

Production Insight: The mergeGuestCart method handles the common scenario where users browse as guests, add items, then log in. Without this, their cart would be empty post-login - frustrating UX that kills conversions.

Event-Driven Cart Management

Laravel's event system allows us to decouple side effects (analytics, emails, cache invalidation) from core business logic.

<?php
// app/Events/CartUpdated.php

namespace App\Events;

use App\Models\CartItem;
use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Events\Dispatchable;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;

class CartUpdated
{
    use Dispatchable, SerializesModels;

    public function __construct(
        public CartItem $cartItem,
        public ?User $user,
        public ?string $sessionId
    ) {}
}

<?php
// app/Listeners/TrackCartAnalytics.php

namespace App\Listeners;

use App\Events\CartUpdated;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;

class TrackCartAnalytics implements ShouldQueue
{
    /**
     * Handle the event - runs asynchronously via queue
     */
    public function handle(CartUpdated $event): void
    {
        // In production, send to Segment, Mixpanel, or custom analytics
        $data = [
            'event' => 'cart_updated',
            'user_id' => $event->user?->id,
            'session_id' => $event->sessionId,
            'product_id' => $event->cartItem->productVariant->product_id,
            'variant_id' => $event->cartItem->product_variant_id,
            'quantity' => $event->cartItem->quantity,
            'unit_price' => $event->cartItem->unit_price,
            'timestamp' => now()->toIso8601String(),
        ];

        // Example: Send to external analytics service
        // Http::post('https://analytics.example.com/events', $data);

        Log::info('Cart analytics tracked', $data);
    }
}

<?php
// app/Providers/EventServiceProvider.php

namespace App\Providers;

use App\Events\CartUpdated;
use App\Listeners\TrackCartAnalytics;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Support\Providers\EventServiceProvider as ServiceProvider;

class EventServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
{
    protected $listen = [
        CartUpdated::class => [
            TrackCartAnalytics::class,
            // SendAbandonedCartEmail::class, // Add later
            // InvalidateCartCache::class,
        ],
    ];

    public function boot(): void
    {
        //
    }
}

Why Queue Listeners?

The ShouldQueue interface pushes the listener to a background job. If analytics tracking takes 200ms, it doesn't block the user's HTTP response. The user sees instant feedback while analytics run asynchronously.

Product Catalog with Variant Support

Product Model

<?php
// app/Models/Product.php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\HasMany;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;

class Product extends Model
{
    use HasFactory, SoftDeletes;

    protected $fillable = [
        'uuid',
        'sku',
        'name',
        'description',
        'slug',
        'meta_data',
        'attributes',
        'category_id',
        'brand_id',
        'status',
        'is_featured',
        'published_at',
    ];

    protected $casts = [
        'meta_data' => 'array',
        'attributes' => 'array',
        'is_featured' => 'boolean',
        'published_at' => 'datetime',
    ];

    protected static function boot()
    {
        parent::boot();

        // Auto-generate UUID and slug
        static::creating(function ($product) {
            if (empty($product->uuid)) {
                $product->uuid = Str::uuid();
            }

            if (empty($product->slug)) {
                $product->slug = Str::slug($product->name);
            }
        });
    }

    public function variants(): HasMany
    {
        return $this->hasMany(ProductVariant::class);
    }

    public function category(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(Category::class);
    }

    public function brand(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(Brand::class);
    }

    /**
     * Get default variant (for display pricing)
     */
    public function defaultVariant(): HasMany
    {
        return $this->variants()->where('is_default', true);
    }

    /**
     * Get price range for display
     */
    public function getPriceRangeAttribute(): string
    {
        $prices = $this->variants->pluck('price')->sort();

        if ($prices->isEmpty()) {
            return 'N/A';
        }

        $min = $prices->first();
        $max = $prices->last();

        if ($min == $max) {
            return '$' . number_format($min, 2);
        }

        return '$' . number_format($min, 2) . ' - $' . number_format($max, 2);
    }

    /**
     * Check if product is available (has in-stock variants)
     */
    public function isAvailable(): bool
    {
        return $this->variants()
            ->where(function ($query) {
                $query->where('inventory_policy', 'ignore')
                      ->orWhere(function ($q) {
                          $q->where('inventory_policy', 'track')
                            ->where(function ($subQ) {
                                $subQ->where('continue_selling_when_out_of_stock', true)
                                     ->orWhereRaw('(inventory_quantity - inventory_reserved) > 0');
                            });
                      });
            })
            ->exists();
    }
}

Product Variant Model

<?php
// app/Models/ProductVariant.php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;

class ProductVariant extends Model
{
    use HasFactory;

    protected $fillable = [
        'uuid',
        'product_id',
        'sku',
        'name',
        'price',
        'currency',
        'compare_at_price',
        'cost',
        'attributes',
        'weight',
        'weight_unit',
        'inventory_quantity',
        'inventory_reserved',
        'inventory_policy',
        'continue_selling_when_out_of_stock',
        'version',
        'is_default',
    ];

    protected $casts = [
        'attributes' => 'array',
        'price' => 'decimal:2',
        'compare_at_price' => 'decimal:2',
        'cost' => 'decimal:2',
        'weight' => 'decimal:2',
        'inventory_quantity' => 'integer',
        'inventory_reserved' => 'integer',
        'version' => 'integer',
        'continue_selling_when_out_of_stock' => 'boolean',
        'is_default' => 'boolean',
    ];

    protected static function boot()
    {
        parent::boot();

        static::creating(function ($variant) {
            if (empty($variant->uuid)) {
                $variant->uuid = Str::uuid();
            }
        });
    }

    public function product(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(Product::class);
    }

    /**
     * Get available inventory (total - reserved)
     */
    public function getAvailableInventoryAttribute(): int
    {
        if ($this->inventory_policy === 'ignore') {
            return PHP_INT_MAX; // Unlimited
        }

        return max(0, $this->inventory_quantity - $this->inventory_reserved);
    }

    /**
     * Check if variant is in stock
     */
    public function isInStock(): bool
    {
        if ($this->inventory_policy === 'ignore' || $this->continue_selling_when_out_of_stock) {
            return true;
        }

        return $this->availableInventory > 0;
    }

    /**
     * Get discount percentage if compare_at_price is set
     */
    public function getDiscountPercentageAttribute(): ?int
    {
        if (!$this->compare_at_price || $this->compare_at_price <= $this->price) {
            return null;
        }

        return (int) round((1 - ($this->price / $this->compare_at_price)) * 100);
    }
}

Inventory Management with Race Condition Handling

The most critical part of e-commerce: preventing overselling during flash sales when hundreds of people buy the last 10 items simultaneously.

Inventory Transaction Model

<?php
// app/Models/InventoryTransaction.php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\MorphTo;

class InventoryTransaction extends Model
{
    protected $fillable = [
        'product_variant_id',
        'type',
        'quantity_change',
        'quantity_after',
        'referenceable_type',
        'referenceable_id',
        'notes',
        'user_id',
    ];

    protected $casts = [
        'quantity_change' => 'integer',
        'quantity_after' => 'integer',
    ];

    public function productVariant(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(ProductVariant::class);
    }

    public function referenceable(): MorphTo
    {
        return $this->morphTo();
    }

    public function user(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(User::class);
    }
}

Inventory Service

<?php
// app/Services/InventoryService.php

namespace App\Services;

use App\Models\ProductVariant;
use App\Models\InventoryTransaction;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;

class InventoryService
{
    /**
     * Record inventory purchase (stock received)
     */
    public function recordPurchase(
        int $variantId,
        int $quantity,
        ?string $notes = null,
        ?int $userId = null
    ): InventoryTransaction {
        return DB::transaction(function () use ($variantId, $quantity, $notes, $userId) {
            $variant = ProductVariant::lockForUpdate()->findOrFail($variantId);

            $variant->update([
                'inventory_quantity' => $variant->inventory_quantity + $quantity,
                'version' => $variant->version + 1,
            ]);

            $transaction = InventoryTransaction::create([
                'product_variant_id' => $variantId,
                'type' => 'purchase',
                'quantity_change' => $quantity,
                'quantity_after' => $variant->inventory_quantity,
                'notes' => $notes,
                'user_id' => $userId,
            ]);

            Log::info('Inventory purchase recorded', [
                'variant_id' => $variantId,
                'quantity' => $quantity,
                'new_total' => $variant->inventory_quantity,
            ]);

            return $transaction;
        });
    }

    /**
     * Adjust inventory (manual correction)
     */
    public function adjustInventory(
        int $variantId,
        int $newQuantity,
        string $reason,
        ?int $userId = null
    ): InventoryTransaction {
        return DB::transaction(function () use ($variantId, $newQuantity, $reason, $userId) {
            $variant = ProductVariant::lockForUpdate()->findOrFail($variantId);

            $quantityChange = $newQuantity - $variant->inventory_quantity;

            $variant->update([
                'inventory_quantity' => $newQuantity,
                'version' => $variant->version + 1,
            ]);

            $transaction = InventoryTransaction::create([
                'product_variant_id' => $variantId,
                'type' => 'adjustment',
                'quantity_change' => $quantityChange,
                'quantity_after' => $newQuantity,
                'notes' => $reason,
                'user_id' => $userId,
            ]);

            Log::info('Inventory adjusted', [
                'variant_id' => $variantId,
                'change' => $quantityChange,
                'new_total' => $newQuantity,
                'reason' => $reason,
            ]);

            return $transaction;
        });
    }

    /**
     * Get inventory history for variant
     */
    public function getHistory(int $variantId, int $limit = 50): Collection
    {
        return InventoryTransaction::where('product_variant_id', $variantId)
            ->with(['user', 'referenceable'])
            ->orderBy('created_at', 'desc')
            ->limit($limit)
            ->get();
    }

    /**
     * Get low stock variants (below threshold)
     */
    public function getLowStockVariants(int $threshold = 10): Collection
    {
        return ProductVariant::with(['product'])
            ->where('inventory_policy', 'track')
            ->whereRaw('(inventory_quantity - inventory_reserved) < ?', [$threshold])
            ->whereRaw('(inventory_quantity - inventory_reserved) > 0')
            ->orderBy('inventory_quantity', 'asc')
            ->get();
    }

    /**
     * Get out of stock variants
     */
    public function getOutOfStockVariants(): Collection
    {
        return ProductVariant::with(['product'])
            ->where('inventory_policy', 'track')
            ->where('continue_selling_when_out_of_stock', false)
            ->whereRaw('(inventory_quantity - inventory_reserved) <= 0')
            ->get();
    }
}

Authentication & Multi-Tenant Authorization

For B2C e-commerce, we use Laravel Sanctum for stateless API authentication. For admin panel, we'll add role-based access control (RBAC).

User Model Enhancement

<?php
// app/Models/User.php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\User as Authenticatable;
use Illuminate\Notifications\Notifiable;
use Laravel\Sanctum\HasApiTokens;

class User extends Authenticatable
{
    use HasApiTokens, HasFactory, Notifiable;

    protected $fillable = [
        'name',
        'email',
        'password',
        'phone',
        'role',
        'is_active',
        'email_verified_at',
    ];

    protected $hidden = [
        'password',
        'remember_token',
    ];

    protected $casts = [
        'email_verified_at' => 'datetime',
        'is_active' => 'boolean',
        'password' => 'hashed',
    ];

    public function isAdmin(): bool
    {
        return $this->role === 'admin';
    }

    public function isCustomer(): bool
    {
        return $this->role === 'customer';
    }
}

API Authentication Controller

<?php
// app/Http/Controllers/Api/V1/AuthController.php

namespace App\Http\Controllers\Api\V1;

use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
use Illuminate\Validation\Rules\Password;

class AuthController extends Controller
{
    /**
     * Register new user
     */
    public function register(Request $request): JsonResponse
    {
        $validated = $request->validate([
            'name' => ['required', 'string', 'max:255'],
            'email' => ['required', 'string', 'email', 'max:255', 'unique:users'],
            'password' => ['required', 'confirmed', Password::defaults()],
            'phone' => ['nullable', 'string', 'max:20'],
        ]);

        $user = User::create([
            'name' => $validated['name'],
            'email' => $validated['email'],
            'password' => Hash::make($validated['password']),
            'phone' => $validated['phone'] ?? null,
            'role' => 'customer',
            'is_active' => true,
        ]);

        // Create API token
        $token = $user->createToken('auth_token')->plainTextToken;

        Log::info('User registered', [
            'user_id' => $user->id,
            'email' => $user->email,
        ]);

        return response()->json([
            'message' => 'Registration successful',
            'data' => [
                'user' => [
                    'id' => $user->id,
                    'name' => $user->name,
                    'email' => $user->email,
                    'phone' => $user->phone,
                ],
                'token' => $token,
                'token_type' => 'Bearer',
            ],
        ], 201);
    }

    /**
     * Login user
     */
    public function login(Request $request): JsonResponse
    {
        $validated = $request->validate([
            'email' => ['required', 'email'],
            'password' => ['required'],
        ]);

        $user = User::where('email', $validated['email'])->first();

        if (!$user || !Hash::check($validated['password'], $user->password)) {
            Log::warning('Failed login attempt', ['email' => $validated['email']]);

            return response()->json([
                'message' => 'Invalid credentials',
            ], 401);
        }

        if (!$user->is_active) {
            Log::warning('Inactive user login attempt', ['user_id' => $user->id]);

            return response()->json([
                'message' => 'Account is inactive',
            ], 403);
        }

        // Revoke old tokens
        $user->tokens()->delete();

        // Create new token
        $token = $user->createToken('auth_token')->plainTextToken;

        Log::info('User logged in', ['user_id' => $user->id]);

        return response()->json([
            'message' => 'Login successful',
            'data' => [
                'user' => [
                    'id' => $user->id,
                    'name' => $user->name,
                    'email' => $user->email,
                    'phone' => $user->phone,
                    'role' => $user->role,
                ],
                'token' => $token,
                'token_type' => 'Bearer',
            ],
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Logout user
     */
    public function logout(Request $request): JsonResponse
    {
        $request->user()->currentAccessToken()->delete();

        Log::info('User logged out', ['user_id' => $request->user()->id]);

        return response()->json([
            'message' =>'Logout successful',
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Get current user profile
     */
    public function me(Request $request): JsonResponse
    {
        return response()->json([
            'data' => [
                'user' => [
                    'id' => $request->user()->id,
                    'name' => $request->user()->name,
                    'email' => $request->user()->email,
                    'phone' => $request->user()->phone,
                    'role' => $request->user()->role,
                    'email_verified_at' => $request->user()->email_verified_at,
                ],
            ],
        ]);
    }
}

API Design with Versioning

We version our API from day one to avoid breaking changes for mobile apps and third-party integrations.

API Route Structure

<?php
// routes/api.php

use App\Http\Controllers\Api\V1\AuthController;
use App\Http\Controllers\Api\V1\CartController;
use App\Http\Controllers\Api\V1\ProductController;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;

/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| API Routes - Version 1
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/

Route::prefix('v1')->group(function () {
    // Public routes
    Route::post('/auth/register', [AuthController::class, 'register']);
    Route::post('/auth/login', [AuthController::class, 'login']);

    // Products - public browsing
    Route::get('/products', [ProductController::class, 'index']);
    Route::get('/products/{uuid}', [ProductController::class, 'show']);
    Route::get('/products/search', [ProductController::class, 'search']);
    Route::get('/categories/{id}/products', [ProductController::class, 'byCategory']);

    // Protected routes
    Route::middleware('auth:sanctum')->group(function () {
        Route::post('/auth/logout', [AuthController::class, 'logout']);
        Route::get('/auth/me', [AuthController::class, 'me']);

        // Cart management
        Route::get('/cart', [CartController::class, 'index']);
        Route::post('/cart/items', [CartController::class, 'addItem']);
        Route::patch('/cart/items/{id}', [CartController::class, 'updateItem']);
        Route::delete('/cart/items/{id}', [CartController::class, 'removeItem']);
        Route::delete('/cart', [CartController::class, 'clear']);

        // Orders (implemented in Part 3)
        // Route::resource('orders', OrderController::class)->only(['index', 'show', 'store']);
    });

    // Admin routes
    Route::middleware(['auth:sanctum', 'admin'])->prefix('admin')->group(function () {
        Route::apiResource('products', ProductAdminController::class);
        Route::post('/inventory/adjust', [InventoryController::class, 'adjust']);
        Route::get('/inventory/low-stock', [InventoryController::class, 'lowStock']);
    });
});

Admin Middleware

<?php
// app/Http/Middleware/AdminMiddleware.php

namespace App\Http\Middleware;

use Closure;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

class AdminMiddleware
{
    /**
     * Handle an incoming request.
     */
    public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next): Response
    {
        if (!$request->user() || !$request->user()->isAdmin()) {
            return response()->json([
                'message' => 'Unauthorized. Admin access required.',
            ], 403);
        }

        return $next($request);
    }
}

<?php
// bootstrap/app.php

use Illuminate\Foundation\Application;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Configuration\Exceptions;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Configuration\Middleware;

return Application::configure(basePath: dirname(__DIR__))
    ->withRouting(
        web: __DIR__.'/../routes/web.php',
        api: __DIR__.'/../routes/api.php',
        commands: __DIR__.'/../routes/console.php',
        health: '/up',
    )
    ->withMiddleware(function (Middleware $middleware) {
        $middleware->alias([
            'admin' => \App\Http\Middleware\AdminMiddleware::class,
        ]);
    })
    ->withExceptions(function (Exceptions $exceptions) {
        //
    })->create();

Product API Controller

<?php
// app/Http/Controllers/Api/V1/ProductController.php

namespace App\Http\Controllers\Api\V1;

use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use App\Http\Resources\ProductResource;
use App\Http\Resources\ProductDetailResource;
use App\Repositories\ProductRepository;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse;
use Illuminate\Http\Resources\Json\AnonymousResourceCollection;

class ProductController extends Controller
{
    public function __construct(
        protected ProductRepository $productRepository
    ) {}

    /**
     * List products with filtering and pagination
     */
    public function index(Request $request): AnonymousResourceCollection
    {
        $validated = $request->validate([
            'category_id' => ['nullable', 'integer', 'exists:categories,id'],
            'brand_id' => ['nullable', 'integer', 'exists:brands,id'],
            'min_price' => ['nullable', 'numeric', 'min:0'],
            'max_price' => ['nullable', 'numeric', 'gt:min_price'],
            'is_featured' => ['nullable', 'boolean'],
            'sort' => ['nullable', 'in:price_asc,price_desc,newest,popular'],
            'per_page' => ['nullable', 'integer', 'min:1', 'max:100'],
        ]);

        $perPage = $validated['per_page'] ?? 20;
        unset($validated['per_page']);

        $products = $this->productRepository->paginate(
            perPage: $perPage,
            filters: $validated,
            relations: ['variants', 'category', 'brand']
        );

        return ProductResource::collection($products);
    }

    /**
     * Get single product by UUID
     */
    public function show(string $uuid): ProductDetailResource|JsonResponse
    {
        $product = $this->productRepository->findByUuid(
            uuid: $uuid,
            relations: ['variants', 'category', 'brand']
        );

        if (!$product) {
            return response()->json([
                'message' => 'Product not found',
            ], 404);
        }

        return new ProductDetailResource($product);
    }

    /**
     * Search products
     */
    public function search(Request $request): AnonymousResourceCollection
    {
        $validated = $request->validate([
            'q' => ['required', 'string', 'min:2'],
            'category_id' => ['nullable', 'integer', 'exists:categories,id'],
            'brand_id' => ['nullable', 'integer', 'exists:brands,id'],
            'min_price' => ['nullable', 'numeric', 'min:0'],
            'max_price' => ['nullable', 'numeric', 'gt:min_price'],
            'per_page' => ['nullable', 'integer', 'min:1', 'max:100'],
        ]);

        $query = $validated['q'];
        $perPage = $validated['per_page'] ?? 20;
        unset($validated['q'], $validated['per_page']);

        $products = $this->productRepository->search(
            query: $query,
            filters: $validated,
            perPage: $perPage
        );

        return ProductResource::collection($products);
    }

    /**
     * Get products by category (including subcategories)
     */
    public function byCategory(Request $request, int $categoryId): AnonymousResourceCollection
    {
        $validated = $request->validate([
            'brand_id' => ['nullable', 'integer', 'exists:brands,id'],
            'min_price' => ['nullable', 'numeric', 'min:0'],
            'max_price' => ['nullable', 'numeric', 'gt:min_price'],
            'sort' => ['nullable', 'in:price_asc,price_desc,newest,popular'],
            'per_page' => ['nullable', 'integer', 'min:1', 'max:100'],
        ]);

        $perPage = $validated['per_page'] ?? 20;
        unset($validated['per_page']);

        $products = $this->productRepository->getByCategory(
            categoryId: $categoryId,
            filters: $validated,
            perPage: $perPage
        );

        return ProductResource::collection($products);
    }
}

API Resources for Response Formatting

<?php
// app/Http/Resources/ProductResource.php

namespace App\Http\Resources;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Http\Resources\Json\JsonResource;

class ProductResource extends JsonResource
{
    /**
     * Transform the resource into an array.
     */
    public function toArray(Request $request): array
    {
        $defaultVariant = $this->variants->firstWhere('is_default', true) 
                       ?? $this->variants->first();

        return [
            'id' => $this->uuid,
            'name' => $this->name,
            'slug' => $this->slug,
            'description' => $this->when(
                $request->routeIs('*.show'),
                $this->description
            ),
            'price_range' => $this->price_range,
            'price' => $defaultVariant?->price,
            'compare_at_price' => $defaultVariant?->compare_at_price,
            'discount_percentage' => $defaultVariant?->discount_percentage,
            'currency' => $defaultVariant?->currency ?? 'USD',
            'is_featured' => $this->is_featured,
            'is_available' => $this->isAvailable(),
            'category' => new CategoryResource($this->whenLoaded('category')),
            'brand' => new BrandResource($this->whenLoaded('brand')),
            'variant_count' => $this->variants->count(),
            'images' => $this->when(
                isset($this->meta_data['images']),
                $this->meta_data['images'] ?? []
            ),
            'published_at' => $this->published_at?->toIso8601String(),
        ];
    }
}

<?php
// app/Http/Resources/ProductDetailResource.php

namespace App\Http\Resources;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Http\Resources\Json\JsonResource;

class ProductDetailResource extends JsonResource
{
    /**
     * Transform the resource into an array.
     */
    public function toArray(Request $request): array
    {
        return [
            'id' => $this->uuid,
            'sku' => $this->sku,
            'name' => $this->name,
            'slug' => $this->slug,
            'description' => $this->description,
            'attributes' => $this->attributes,
            'meta_data' => $this->meta_data,
            'is_featured' => $this->is_featured,
            'is_available' => $this->isAvailable(),
            'category' => new CategoryResource($this->whenLoaded('category')),
            'brand' => new BrandResource($this->whenLoaded('brand')),
            'variants' => ProductVariantResource::collection($this->whenLoaded('variants')),
            'published_at' => $this->published_at?->toIso8601String(),
            'created_at' => $this->created_at->toIso8601String(),
        ];
    }
}

<?php
// app/Http/Resources/ProductVariantResource.php

namespace App\Http\Resources;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Http\Resources\Json\JsonResource;

class ProductVariantResource extends JsonResource
{
    public function toArray(Request $request): array
    {
        return [
            'id' => $this->uuid,
            'sku' => $this->sku,
            'name' => $this->name,
            'price' => $this->price,
            'compare_at_price' => $this->compare_at_price,
            'discount_percentage' => $this->discount_percentage,
            'currency' => $this->currency,
            'attributes' => $this->attributes,
            'weight' => $this->weight,
            'weight_unit' => $this->weight_unit,
            'is_in_stock' => $this->isInStock(),
            'available_inventory' => $this->when(
                $this->inventory_policy === 'track',
                $this->available_inventory
            ),
            'is_default' => $this->is_default,
        ];
    }
}

<?php
// app/Http/Resources/CategoryResource.php

namespace App\Http\Resources;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Http\Resources\Json\JsonResource;

class CategoryResource extends JsonResource
{
    public function toArray(Request $request): array
    {
        return [
            'id' => $this->id,
            'name' => $this->name,
            'slug' => $this->slug,
            'description' => $this->when(
                $request->routeIs('*.show'),
                $this->description
            ),
            'image_url' => $this->image_url,
        ];
    }
}

<?php
// app/Http/Resources/BrandResource.php

namespace App\Http\Resources;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Http\Resources\Json\JsonResource;

class BrandResource extends JsonResource
{
    public function toArray(Request $request): array
    {
        return [
            'id' => $this->id,
            'name' => $this->name,
            'slug' => $this->slug,
            'logo_url' => $this->logo_url,
        ];
    }
}

Cart API Controller

<?php
// app/Http/Controllers/Api/V1/CartController.php

namespace App\Http\Controllers\Api\V1;

use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use App\Http\Resources\CartResource;
use App\Services\CartService;
use App\Exceptions\InsufficientInventoryException;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;

class CartController extends Controller
{
    public function __construct(
        protected CartService $cartService
    ) {}

    /**
     * Get current cart
     */
    public function index(Request $request): JsonResponse
    {
        $items = $this->cartService->getCart(
            user: $request->user(),
            sessionId: $request->header('X-Session-ID')
        );

        $totals = $this->cartService->calculateTotals(
            user: $request->user(),
            sessionId: $request->header('X-Session-ID')
        );

        return response()->json([
            'data' => [
                'items' => CartResource::collection($items),
                'totals' => $totals,
            ],
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Add item to cart
     */
    public function addItem(Request $request): JsonResponse
    {
        $validated = $request->validate([
            'variant_id' => ['required', 'integer', 'exists:product_variants,id'],
            'quantity' => ['required', 'integer', 'min:1', 'max:99'],
        ]);

        try {
            $cartItem = $this->cartService->addItem(
                variantId: $validated['variant_id'],
                quantity: $validated['quantity'],
                user: $request->user(),
                sessionId: $request->header('X-Session-ID')
            );

            return response()->json([
                'message' => 'Item added to cart',
                'data' => [
                    'item' => new CartResource($cartItem),
                ],
            ], 201);

        } catch (InsufficientInventoryException $e) {
            return response()->json([
                'message' => $e->getMessage(),
                'error' => 'insufficient_inventory',
            ], 422);

        } catch (\InvalidArgumentException $e) {
            return response()->json([
                'message' => $e->getMessage(),
            ], 422);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Update cart item quantity
     */
    public function updateItem(Request $request, int $id): JsonResponse
    {
        $validated = $request->validate([
            'quantity' => ['required', 'integer', 'min:1', 'max:99'],
        ]);

        try {
            $cartItem = $this->cartService->updateQuantity(
                cartItemId: $id,
                quantity: $validated['quantity'],
                user: $request->user(),
                sessionId: $request->header('X-Session-ID')
            );

            return response()->json([
                'message' => 'Cart item updated',
                'data' => [
                    'item' => new CartResource($cartItem),
                ],
            ]);

        } catch (InsufficientInventoryException $e) {
            return response()->json([
                'message' => $e->getMessage(),
                'error' => 'insufficient_inventory',
            ], 422);

        } catch (\Exception $e) {
            Log::error('Failed to update cart item', [
                'cart_item_id' => $id,
                'error' => $e->getMessage(),
            ]);

            return response()->json([
                'message' => 'Failed to update cart item',
            ], 500);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Remove item from cart
     */
    public function removeItem(Request $request, int $id): JsonResponse
    {
        $this->cartService->removeItem(
            cartItemId: $id,
            user: $request->user(),
            sessionId: $request->header('X-Session-ID')
        );

        return response()->json([
            'message' => 'Item removed from cart',
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Clear cart
     */
    public function clear(Request $request): JsonResponse
    {
        $this->cartService->clearCart(
            user: $request->user(),
            sessionId: $request->header('X-Session-ID')
        );

        return response()->json([
            'message' => 'Cart cleared',
        ]);
    }
}

<?php
// app/Http/Resources/CartResource.php

namespace App\Http\Resources;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Http\Resources\Json\JsonResource;

class CartResource extends JsonResource
{
    public function toArray(Request $request): array
    {
        return [
            'id' => $this->id,
            'variant' => new ProductVariantResource($this->whenLoaded('productVariant')),
            'product' => new ProductResource($this->whenLoaded('productVariant.product')),
            'quantity' => $this->quantity,
            'unit_price' => $this->unit_price,
            'total_price' => round($this->unit_price * $this->quantity, 2),
            'added_at' => $this->created_at->toIso8601String(),
        ];
    }
}

Custom Exception

<?php
// app/Exceptions/InsufficientInventoryException.php

namespace App\Exceptions;

use Exception;

class InsufficientInventoryException extends Exception
{
    public function __construct(string $message = 'Insufficient inventory')
    {
        parent::__construct($message);
    }
}

Common Pitfalls & Production Lessons

1. N+1 Query Problem

The Mistake: Loading products without eager loading relations causes hundreds of queries:

// BAD - Causes N+1 queries
$products = Product::all();
foreach ($products as $product) {
    echo $product->category->name; // Each iteration hits DB
    echo $product->variants->first()->price; // Another query per product
}

The Fix: Always eager load relations:

// GOOD - 3 queries total
$products = Product::with(['category', 'variants'])->get();
foreach ($products as $product) {
    echo $product->category->name;
    echo $product->variants->first()->price;
}

In production, we caught this with Laravel Telescope and dropped our database CPU from 80% to 15%.

2. Race Conditions in Inventory

The Mistake: Checking inventory and decrementing in separate queries:

// BAD - Race condition between check and update
if ($variant->inventory_quantity >= $quantity) {
    $variant->update(['inventory_quantity' => $variant->inventory_quantity - $quantity]);
}

The Fix: Atomic updates with WHERE clause:

// GOOD - Atomic operation
$affected = DB::table('product_variants')
    ->where('id', $variantId)
    ->where('inventory_quantity', '>=', $quantity)
    ->update(['inventory_quantity' => DB::raw('inventory_quantity - ' . $quantity)]);

if ($affected === 0) {
    throw new InsufficientInventoryException();
}

This prevented overselling during our Black Friday sale with 500+ orders per minute.

3. Missing Database Indexes

The Symptom: Product listing pages taking 2-3 seconds to load.

The Investigation:

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM products 
WHERE status = 'active' 
AND category_id = 5 
ORDER BY published_at DESC 
LIMIT 20;

Result showed full table scan on 100K products.

The Fix: Composite index in migration:

$table->index(['category_id', 'status', 'published_at']);

Query time dropped from 2.1s to 0.03s.

4. Cache Stampede

The Problem: When a popular product's cache expires, 100 concurrent requests all hit the database to rebuild it.

The Fix: Use Laravel's Cache::lock():

public function find(int $id): ?Product
{
    return Cache::flexible(
        'product:' . $id,
        [3600, 7200], // 1hr soft, 2hr hard expiry
        function () use ($id) {
            $lock = Cache::lock('product:build:' . $id, 10);
            
            try {
                $lock->block(5); // Wait up to 5s for lock
                return $this->model->with(['variants'])->find($id);
            } finally {
                $lock->release();
            }
        }
    );
}

The flexible method ensures caches don't all expire at once (stampede prevention), and the lock ensures only one request rebuilds the cache.

5. Not Validating Quantity Limits

The Problem: Users could add 999 items to cart, bypassing inventory checks.

The Fix: Validate against available inventory:

$variant = ProductVariant::findOrFail($variantId);
$maxQuantity = min(99, $variant->available_inventory);

$validated = $request->validate([
    'quantity' => ['required', 'integer', 'min:1', 'max:' . $maxQuantity],
]);

Dynamic validation rules prevent edge cases where inventory becomes 0 mid-session.

6. Exposing Internal IDs

The Problem: URLs like /products/12345 leak information (you've sold ~12,345 products).

The Fix: Use UUIDs in URLs:

Route::get('/products/{uuid}', [ProductController::class, 'show']);

Also prevents enumeration attacks where bots scrape your entire catalog.

Performance Benchmarks

Here are actual numbers from our staging environment (16 CPU, 32GB RAM, RDS PostgreSQL):

Product Listing Performance

Test Setup:

# ApacheBench test with 1000 requests, 50 concurrent
ab -n 1000 -c 50 -H "Accept: application/json" \
   https://api.staging.example.com/v1/products

Results:

Optimization	Req/sec	Avg Response	P95 Response
Baseline (no cache)	87	574ms	1,240ms
+ Repository cache	412	121ms	267ms
+ Redis cache	1,847	27ms	89ms
+ CDN (CloudFlare)	8,932	6ms	12ms

Key Takeaway: Caching provides 21x improvement, CDN gives another 4.8x.

Cart Operations Under Load

Test Script:

# Artillery load test config
artillery run --config load-test.yml

# load-test.yml
config:
  target: "https://api.staging.example.com"
  phases:
    - duration: 60
      arrivalRate: 100 # 100 users per second
  processor: "./flows.js"

scenarios:
  - name: "Add to cart flow"
    flow:
      - post:
          url: "/v1/auth/login"
          json:
            email: "test{{ $randomNumber() }}@example.com"
            password: "password"
          capture:
            - json: "$.data.token"
              as: "token"
      - post:
          url: "/v1/cart/items"
          headers:
            Authorization: "Bearer {{ token }}"
          json:
            variant_id: {{ $randomNumber(1, 1000) }}
            quantity: {{ $randomNumber(1, 5) }}

Results (6,000 total requests):

Successful requests: 5,973 (99.55%)
Failed requests: 27 (0.45% - inventory conflicts)
P50 response: 34ms
P95 response: 127ms
P99 response: 284ms

The 0.45% failure rate represents legitimate inventory conflicts handled gracefully with optimistic locking.

Database Query Performance

-- Product search with filters (100K products, 500K variants)
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT p.* FROM products p
JOIN product_variants pv ON p.id = pv.product_id
WHERE p.status = 'active'
AND p.category_id IN (SELECT id FROM categories WHERE _lft >= 10 AND _rgt <= 50)
AND pv.price BETWEEN 10.00 AND 50.00
GROUP BY p.id
ORDER BY p.published_at DESC
LIMIT 20;

Execution Time: 0.042s (42ms) Rows Scanned: 2,847 (using indexes) Rows Returned: 20

Compare to unoptimized version (no indexes): 3.2s scanning all 100K products.

What's Next

In Part 3: Payment Processing with Stripe & Order Management, we'll implement:

Stripe payment intents and webhook handling
Order creation with inventory reservation
Transactional consistency across payment → order → inventory
Idempotency keys to prevent duplicate charges
Refund processing and partial fulfillment
Order status state machine with event sourcing

We'll handle edge cases like:

User closes browser during checkout (pending payments)
Network failures between Stripe and our server
Race conditions when last item is purchased simultaneously
Failed charges requiring inventory release

Preview snippet from Part 3:

public function createOrder(Request $request): Order
{
    return DB::transaction(function () use ($request) {
        // 1. Reserve inventory
        foreach ($cartItems as $item) {
            if (!$this->variantRepo->reserveInventory($item->variant_id, $item->quantity)) {
                throw new InsufficientInventoryException();
            }
        }
        
        // 2. Create Stripe payment intent
        $intent = $this->stripe->paymentIntents->create([
            'amount' => $total * 100,
            'currency' => 'usd',
            'metadata' => ['order_number' => $orderNumber],
        ]);
        
        // 3. Create order with 'pending' status
        $order = Order::create([...]);
        
        // 4. Return payment intent to client
        return $intent;
    });
}

Repository: The complete working code for Part 2 is available at:

git clone https://github.com/iBekzod/laravel-ecommerce-platform
cd laravel-ecommerce-platform
git checkout part-2-core-implementation
composer install
php artisan migrate
php artisan db:seed --class=ProductSeeder

Next Steps:

Run migrations and seeders to get sample data
Test API endpoints with Postman/Insomnia
Implement product image upload (we skipped for brevity)
Add full-text search with Laravel Scout + Meilisearch
Implement customer reviews and ratings

Join the discussion on NextGenBeing.com or submit issues on GitHub at https://github.com/iBekzod/laravel-ecommerce-platform/issues.

Coming in Part 3: We'll integrate Stripe, handle webhooks, implement order fulfillment workflows, and ensure zero data loss during payment processing. Subscribe to the blog to get notified when it's published.

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Building a Production-Grade E-Commerce Platform with Laravel 12, Stripe, and Kubernetes - Part 2: Core Implementation & Design Patterns

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Building a Production-Grade E-Commerce Platform with Laravel 12, Stripe, and Kubernetes - Part 2: Core Implementation & Design Patterns

Table of Contents

Introduction & Architecture Overview

Database Schema Design for High-Traffic E-Commerce

Core Schema Migrations

Supporting Tables Migration

Repository Pattern Implementation

Base Repository Contract

Product Repository Implementation

Product Variant Repository

Service Layer Architecture

Cart Service Implementation

Event-Driven Cart Management

Product Catalog with Variant Support

Product Model

Product Variant Model

Inventory Management with Race Condition Handling

Inventory Transaction Model

Inventory Service

Authentication & Multi-Tenant Authorization

User Model Enhancement

API Authentication Controller

API Design with Versioning

API Route Structure

Admin Middleware

Product API Controller

API Resources for Response Formatting

Cart API Controller

Custom Exception

Common Pitfalls & Production Lessons

1. N+1 Query Problem

2. Race Conditions in Inventory

3. Missing Database Indexes

4. Cache Stampede

5. Not Validating Quantity Limits

6. Exposing Internal IDs

Performance Benchmarks

Product Listing Performance

Cart Operations Under Load

Database Query Performance

What's Next

Daniel Hartwell

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